- 1786 Discovers Comet Herschel (C/1786 P1)[eb500][bm500]
- 1791 Discovers 5th comet on December 15th[mc1060]
- 1791 Discovers 6th comet on October 8th[mc1060]
- 1795 Discovers 7th comet on November 8th[mc1070]
- 1797 Begins writing Extracts from a Day-Book kept during the years 1797 and 1821[mc1080]
- 1798 Publishes the Index to Flamsteed’s Observations[mc1090]
- Works as an assistant to William Herschel. Her work includes copying catalogues, tables, whole papers, and other documents; making measurements with the lap micrometer[mc780], work on casting mirrors for telescopes[mc790]
- Works as an assistant astronomer to William Herschel[mc800]. Her work includes writing down observations, running the clocks, writing memorandums, fetching instruments, measuring the ground, etc.[mc810]
- Copied the scores of “Messiah” and “Judas Maccabaeus” into parts for an orchestra of nearly 100 performers[mc770]
- Copied the vocal parts of “Samson”[mc770]
- Instructed the treble singers[mc770]
- 1828 Awarded the Royal Astronomical Society’s gold medal[eb500]
Caroline Lucretia Herschel was born in Hanover on March 16, 1750, to Anna Ilse Moritzen and Isaac Herschel. She was Anna and Isaac’s eighth child (Anna and Isaac had ten children, four of whom died while very young).
Anna Ilse Moritzen and Isaac Herschel’s Children
- 1733-1803 Sophia Elizabeth Herschel
- 1734-1792 Heinrich Anton Jacob Herschel
- 1737-1743 Johann Herschel
- 1738-1822 Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel (William)
- 1741-1748 Anna Christina Herschel
- 1745-1821 Johann Alexander Herschel (Alexander)
- 1748-1749 Maria Dorethea Herschel
- 1750-1848 Carolina Lucretia Herschel (Caroline)
- 1752-1754 Franz Johann Herschel
- 1755-1827 Johann Dietrich Herschel (Dietrich)
Though he was often away from home due to his position as a hautboy (a woodwind instrument) player in the Hanoverian Foot Guards[mc500], Isaac would take every opportunity to develop the musical skill of his children.[mc600] Caroline’s parents disagreed on the level of education she should receive. Her father wanted her to have a “polished education,” while her mother wanted her to only learn the skills that would make her useful to the family[mc700] (such as sewing and knitting). Isaac would occasionally give Caroline a lesson on the violin before putting away the instruments after her younger brother Dietrich’s lessons[mc650], or when her mother was “out of the way.”[mc700]
Caroline remembers her father as a “great admirer of astronomy,”[mc625] and, in her memoirs, recalls the following scene:
“…I remember his taking me, on a clear and frosty night, into the street, to make me acquainted with several of the most beautiful constellations, after we had been gazing at a comet which was then visible.”[mc630]
She also recalls being frequently kept from sleep by the lively conversations between her father and brothers on music and philosophy, which she overheard from her room.[mc620]
While being restricted from taking part in many of the activities her brothers enjoyed, she was expected to perform many household duties, including knitting stockings for the family and writing letters for her mother. She also wrote letters for soldiers’ wives in her neighborhood.[mc640] Though she made herself incredibly useful to those around her, she grew up feeling unseen.
“…I was mostly, when not in school, sent with Alexander to play on the walls or with the neighbour’s children, in which I seldom could join, and often stood freezing on shore to see my brother skating on the Stadtgraben (town ditch) till he chose to go home. In short, there was no one who cared anything about me.”[mc610]
William seems to have been more affectionate towards her than most of her family members.
“My mother, being very busy preparing dinner, had suffered me to go all alone to the parade to meet my father, but I could not find him anywhere, nor anybody whom I knew; so at last, when nearly frozen to death, I came home and found them all at table. My dear brother William threw down his knife and fork, and ran to welcome and crouched down to me, which made me forget all my grievances. The rest were so happy…at seing one another again, that my absence had never been perceived.”[mc635]
During the battle of Dettingen (1743), Isaac and the other soldiers laid in a rain-soaked furrow on the field all night, leading to the complete loss of the use of his limbs for a long period of time. He also developed asthma from this event, which he suffered from for the rest of his life.[mc605]
During the summer of 1761, Caroline suffered from a severe typhus attack.[mc660]
In August of 1764, Isaac suffered from a paralytic seizure and lost most of the use of his right side. A few months later he suffered from dropsy. Isaac died on March 22, 1767 at the age of 61.[mc670]
After her father’s death, Caroline obtained permission, from her eldest brother Jacob, to learn millinery and dress-making for a month or two.[mc720]
Caroline’s time was filled with chores and family affairs. Then one day, the family received a letter from William requesting that Caroline join him at Bath[mc725]. In his letters, William advised Jacob to give Caroline singing lessons to make her a useful singer for winter concerts and oratorios, which Jacob never did. Caroline took matters into her own hands and practiced singing the solo parts of concertos with a gag between her teeth when everyone was out of the house[mc727].
William arrived to retrieve Caroline, and she departed her home, leaving her mother and Dietrich at the Posthouse, on August 16, 1772[mc728]. William and Caroline arrived in Bath on August 28[mc729].
On the morning after her arrivial at Bath, William started giving her lessons in English, arithmetic, and bookeeping[mc732]. Caroline also performed as a singer, managed the household, and assisted building telescopes.
“…I had to amuse myself with making the tube of pasteboard for the glasses which were to arrive from London, for at that time no optician had settled at Bath.”[mc740]
In June, her home was transformed into a workshop to build telescopes.
“A cabinet-maker making a tube and stands of all descriptions in a handsomely furninshed drawing-room; Alex putting up a huge turning machine (which he had brought in the autumn from Bristol, where he used to spend the summer) in a bedroom, for turning patterns, grinding glasses, and turning eye-pieces, &c.”[mc745]
Caroline describes her work on the like so:
“The mirror was to be cast in a mould of loam prepared from horse dung, of which an immense quantity was to be pounded ina mortar and sifted thorugh a fine sieve. It was an endless piece of work, and served me for many an hour’s exercise Loc609”
In 1774 Caroline moved, with her brother, to a house near Walcot turnpike. It was on a grass plot behind this house that they first started constructing a twenty-foot telescope[mc747].
While helping William build telescopes, and managing his household and finances, Caroline continued performing and copying music[mc775]. Caroline was the first singer at concerts, and was offered an engagement for the Birmingham Fesitval, which she declined, having resolved only to sing in public where her brother was conductor[mc777].
On March 13, 1781, William discovered the Georgium Sidus
On Whit Sunday in 1782, Caroline and William gave their last public performance, performing “The Echo”, the only vocal composition of Williams to appear in print.
Caroline copied catalogues, tables, whole papers for William. She also took measurements with the lap micrometer, kept fires running for late night stargazing[mc785].
Tuesday after Whit Sunday, May 8th, William left Bath to join Sir William Watson at his father’s in Lincoln’s Inn Fields [loc 627]. During his absence…
“Indeed, in looking at the joint labours of these extraordinary personages, we scarcely know whether most to admire the intellectual power of the brother, or the unconquerable industry of the sister.”[mn500]
James South Joint founder of the Astronomical Society of London
In an address to the Astronomical Society on February 8, 1828
“Your Council has no small pleasure in recommending that the names of two ladies, distinguished in different walks of astronomy, be placed on the list of honorary members. On the propriety of such a step, in an astronomical point of view, there can be but one voice: and your Council is of opinion that the time is gone by when either feeling or prejudice, by whichever name it may be proper to call it, should be allowed to interfere with the payment of a well-earned tribute of respect. Your Council has hitherto felt, that whatever might be its own sentiment on the subject, or however able and willing it might be to defent such a measure, it had no right to place the name of a lady in a position the propriety of which might be contested, though upon what it might consider narrow grounds and false principles. But your Council has no fear that such a difference could now take place between any men whose opinion would avail to guide that of society at large; and, abandoning compliment on the one hand and false delicacy on the other, submits, that while the tests of astronomical merit should in no case be applied to the works of a woman less severely than to those of a man, the sex of the former should no longer be an obstacle to her receiving any acknowledgement which might be held due to the latter. And your Council therefor recommends this meeting to add to the list of honorary members the names of Miss Caroline Herschel and Mrs. Somerville, of whose astronomical knowledge, and of the utility of the ends to which it has been applied, it is not necessary to recount the proofs.”[ads500][mng500]
Francis Baily President of the Royal Astronomical Society
In the Report of the Council of the Society to the Fifteenth Annual General Meeting, heald this day on February 14, 1835
“Great men and great causes have always some helper of whom the outside world knows but little. There always is, and always has been, some human being in whose life their roots have been nourished. Sometimes these helpers have been men, sometimes they have been women, who have given themselves to help and to strengthen those called upon to be leaders and workers, inspiring them with courage, keeping faith in their own idea alive, in days of darkness, When all the world seems adverse to desert. These helpers and sustainers, men or women, have all the same quality in common – absolute devotion and unwavering faith in the individual or in the cause. Seeking nothing for themselves, thinking nothing of themselves, they have all an intense power of sympathy, a noble love of giving themselves for the service of others, which enables them to transfuse the force of their own personality into the object to which they dedicate their powers. Of this noble company of unknown helpers Caroline Herschel was one.”[mc200]
Mary Cornwallis Herschel Caroline Herschel’s grandniece
In her introduction to Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
“She stood beside her brother, William Herschel, sharing his labours, helping his life. In the days when he gave up a lucrative career that he might devote himself to astronomy, it was owing to her thrift and care that he was not harassed by the rankling vexations of money matters. She had been his helper and assistant in the days when he was a leading musician; she became his helper and assistant when he gave himself up to astronomy. By sheer force of will and devoted affection, she learned enough of mathematics and of methods of calculation, which to those unlearned seem mysteries, to be able to commit to writing the results of his researches. She became his assistant in the workshop; she helped him to grind and polish his mirrors; she stood beside his telescope in the nights of mid-winter, to write down his observations, when the very ink was frozen in the bottle. She kept him alive by her care; thinking nothing of herself, she lived for him. She loved him, and believed in him, and helped him, with all her heart and with all her strength.”[mc250]
Mary Cornwallis Herschel Caroline Herschel’s grandniece
In her introduction to Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
“Her own recollections go back to the Great Earthquake at Lisbon; she lived through the American War, the old French Revolution, the rise and fall of Napoleon, and all manner of lesser events and wars. She saw all the improvements and inventions, from the lumbering post waggon in which she made her first journey from Hanover, to the railroads and electric telegraphs which have intersected all Europe, for she lived well down into the reign of Victoria. But her work of “minding the heavens” with her brother engrossed all her thoughts, and she scarcely mentions any public event.”[mc270]
Mary Cornwallis Herschel Caroline Herschel’s grandniece
In her introduction to Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
“Her own astronomical labours were remarkable, and in her later life she met with honour and recognition from learned men and learned societies…”[mc280]
Mary Cornwallis Herschel Caroline Herschel’s grandniece
In her introduction to Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
“…if I could tell you the influence which a short account by a stranger of your labours with your dear Brother had upon me when a child, and of my choosing you (then so unknown to me) as my guiding star and example, you would understand how the possession of such a record by your own hand would make me almost believe in auguries and presentiments, and perhaps inspire some future generations more worthily, as the record would be more genuine.”
Margaret Brodie Stewart (Lady Herschel) Caroline Herschel’s niece
In a letter encouraging Caroline Herschel to continue writing a second memoir[mc290]
“Even at this early age, it is not difficult to trace in these childish recollections the influence of that intense affection for her brother William which made him more and more the centre of all her interests; next to him, her father filled a large place in her heart.”[mc632]
Mary Cornwallis Herschel Caroline Herschel’s grandniece
In a comment in Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
“She will soon be the great comet finder, and bear away the prize from Messier and Mechain.”[mc1000]
Sir H. Englefield x
In a letter to Dr. Herschel dated December 25, 1788
“I am always happy to hear from you, but never more so than when you give me an opportunity of expressing my obligations to you for advancing the science you cultivate with so much success.”[mc1010]
Sir Joseph Banks x
In a letter to Caroline Herschel dated April 20, 1790
“You cannot, my dear Miss Herschel, judge of the pleasure I feel when your reputation and fame increase; everyone must admire your and your brother’s knowledge, industry, and behavior. God grant you many years health and happiness.”[mc1020]
Sir Joseph Banks x
In a letter to Caroline Herschel dated April 20, 1790
“Give me leave, noble and worthy priestess of the new heavens, to lay at your feet my small offering on eclipses of the sun, and at the same time to express my gratitude and deepest reverence.”[mc1040]
Professor Seyffer x
In a letter to Caroline Herschel dated May 10, 1793
“How happy should I esteem myself if there were any service I could render you here, most admirable lady astronomer, that I might be permitted to prove how entirely my heart is devoted to you.”[mc1050]
Professor Seyffer x
In a letter to Caroline Herschel dated May 10, 1793
“But when we have thus enumerated the results obtained in the course of sweeps with this instrument, and taken into consideration the extent and variety of the other observations, which were at the same time in progress, a most important part yet remains untold. Who participated in his toils? Who braced with him the inclemency of the weather? Who shared his privations?—A female! Who was she?—His sister! Miss Herschel it was who by night acted as his amanuensis! She it was whose pen conveyed to paper his observations as they issued from his lips; she it was who noted the right ascensions and polar distances of the objects observed; she it was who, having passed the night near the instruments, took the rough manuscripts to her cottage at the down of day, and produced a fair copy of the night’s work on the subsequent morning; she it was who planned the labour of each succeeding night; she it was who reduced every observation, and made every calculation; she it was who arranged every thing in systematic order; and she it was who helped him to obtain an imperishable name.”[mn500]
James South Joint founder of the Astronomical Society of London
In an address to the Astronomical Society on February 8, 1828
“…her amusements were of the higher order, and to them we stand indebted for the discovery of the comet of 1786, of the comet of 1788, of the comet of 1791, of the comet of 1793, and of the comet of 1795, since rendered familiar to us by the remarkable discovery of Encke. Many also of the nebulae contained in Sir W. Herschel’s catalogues were detected by her during these hours of enjoyment.”[mn500]
James South Joint founder of the Astronomical Society of London
In an address to the Astronomical Society on February 8, 1828
“…she undertook, and completed, the laborious reduction of the places of 2500 nebulae, to the 1st Jan. 1800…”[mn500]
James South Joint founder of the Astronomical Society of London
In an address to the Astronomical Society on February 8, 1828
“…it was Resolved unanimously, ‘That a Gold Medal of this Society be given to Miss Caroline Herschel, for her recent reduction, to January 1800, of the Nebulae discovered by her illustrious brother, which may be considered as the completion of a series of exertions, probably unparalleled, either in magnitude or importance, in the annals of astronomical labour.”[mn500]
James South Joint founder of the Astronomical Society of London
In an address to the Astronomical Society on February 8, 1828
“…since the foundation of this Society, no one has been adjudged which has been earned by services such as hers.”[mn500]
James South Joint founder of the Astronomical Society of London
In an address to the Astronomical Society on February 8, 1828
“A gap occurs here, between the years 1757 and 1760, several pages having been torn out in both the original “Recollections” and the unfinished memoir commenced in 1840. In the former, a sentence beginning “the next time I saw him [Jacob] was when he came running to my mother with a letter, the contents of which,” remains unfinished, and the narrative recommences with: ‘After reading over many pages, I thought it best to destroy them, and merely to write down what I remember to have passed in our family.'”[mc645]
Mary Cornwallis Herschel Caroline Herschel’s grandniece
In her introduction to Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
“I wish you joy, most sincerely, on the discovery. I am more pleased than you can will conceive that you have made it, and I think I see your wonderfully clever and wonderfully amiable brother, upon the news of it, shed a tear of joy. You have immortalized your name, and you deserve such a reward from the Being who has ordered all these things to move as we find them, for your assiduity in the business of astronomy, and for your love for so celebrated and so deserving a brother.”[mc820]
Alex Aubert, ESQ. who this is
In a letter to Caroline Herschel dated August 7th, 1786
“I have for a long while past felt a desire of expressing my thanks to you for having interested yourself so kindly for the little production of my industry by being the promoter of the printing of the Index to Flamsteed’s Obersvations. I thought the pains it had cost me were, and would be, sufficiently rewarded in the user it had already been, and might be in future, to my brother.”[mc1090]
Caroline Herschel
In a letter to Rev. Dr. Maskelyne dated September, 1798
“Often I would keep myself awake that I might listen to their animating remarks, for it made me so happy to see them so happy.”[mc625] From Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
“In short, there was no one who cared anything about me.”[mc610] From Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
“My dear brother William threw down his knife and fork, and ran to welcome and crouched down to me, which made me forget all my grievances. The rest were so happy… at seeing one another again, that my absence had never been perceived.”[mc635] From Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
“…by an erroneous though well-meant opinion of my mother, deprived, I could not help thinking but that she had cuase for wishing me not to know more than was necessary for being useful in the family; for it was her certain belief that my brother William would have returned to his country, and my eldest brother not have looked so high, if they had had a little less learning.”[mc710] From Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
“I have been throughout annoyed and hindered in my endeavours at perfecting myself in any branch of knowledge by which I could hope to gain a creditable livelihood.”[mc730] From Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
“I was much hindered in my musical practice by my help being continually wanted in the execution of the various contrivances…”[mc740] From Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
“…my time was so much taken up with copying music and practising, besides attendance on my brother when polishing, since by way of keeping him alive I was constantly obliged to feed him by putting the victuals by bits into his mouth.”[mc750] From Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
“Generally I was obliged to read to him whilst he was at the turning lathe, or polishing mirrors, Don Quixote, Arabian Nights’ Entertainment, the novels of Sterne, Fielding, &c.; serving tea and supper without interrupting the work with which he was engaged, …and sometimes lending a hand.”[mc760] From Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
“A salary of fifty pounds a year was also settled on me as an assistant to my brother, and in October I received twelve pounds 10, being the first quarterly payment of my salary, and the first money I ever in all my lifetime thought myself to be at liberty to spend to my own liking.”[mc900] From Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
“An excellent Newtonian sweeper, of five-feet focal length, is nearly completed, which being mounted at the top of the house, will always be in readiness for observing whenever my attendance on the forty or twenty-foot telescopes is not required.”[mc1030] From Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
William Herschel
Mathematician, astronomer, chemist, and inventor
“He has been a dear and valued friend to me, whose advice and criticism I gratefully acknowledge.”[pr1400]
“Sir John Herschel, who, though ten years younger than I am, has gone before me. In him I have lost a dear and affectionate friend, whose advice was invaluable, and his society a charm.”[pr5700]Mary Somerville
Sir John Herschel
Mathematician, astronomer, chemist, and inventor
“He has been a dear and valued friend to me, whose advice and criticism I gratefully acknowledge.”[pr1400]
“Sir John Herschel, who, though ten years younger than I am, has gone before me. In him I have lost a dear and affectionate friend, whose advice was invaluable, and his society a charm.”[pr5700]Mary Somerville
The Marchioness of Lothian
Loc656
Sir William Watson
Loc590
Cournal Walsh
Loc590
Books
Women in Science: 50 Fearless Pioneers Who Changed the World
Written and illustrated by Rachel Ignotofsky
New York Times best seller highlights the contributions of fifty notable women to the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics with creative illustrations. Caroline Herschel is briefly mentioned in a timeline on page 32 of the hardcover edition of this book (ISBN: 978-1-60774-977-6).
Caroline’s Comets: A True Story
Written and illustrated by Emily Arnold McCully
A short book summarizing the highlights of Caroline’s life. (ISBN: 978-0-8234-3664-4).
- ⬆ mc200 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 30. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc250 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 37. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc270 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 55. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc280 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 61. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc290 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 77. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc400 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 119. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc500 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 135. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc600 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 143. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc605 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 150. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc610 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 176. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc620 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 181. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc625 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 187. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc630 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 195. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc632 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 209. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc635 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 219. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc640 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 237. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc645 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 243. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc647 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 279. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc650 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 280. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc660 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 283. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc670 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 322. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc700 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 333. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc710 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 334. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc720 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 350. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc725 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 386. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc727 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 393. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc728 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 414. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc729 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 438. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc730 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 469. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc732 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 483. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc740 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 511. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc745 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 520. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc747 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 540. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc750 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 542. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc760 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 550. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc770 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 563. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc775 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 565. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc777 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 573. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc780 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 589. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc785 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 590. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc790 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 604. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc800 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 724. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc810 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 731. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc820 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 967. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc900 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 1058. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc1000 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 1136. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc1010 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 1199. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc1020 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 1216. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc1030 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 1261. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc1040 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 1268. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc1050 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 1284. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc1060 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 1284. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc1070 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 1291. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc1080 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 1317. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
- ⬆ mc1090 Herschel, Mary Cornwallis, ed. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. London: John Murray, 1879, The Project Gutenberg, 2016, location: 1332. Kindle Edition. eBook #52923
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- ⬆ ads500 “Report of the Council of the Society to the Fifteenth Annual General Meeting, February 13, 1835.” http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1835MmRAS…8..283.. October 4 September 2019.
- ⬆ e500 “Caroline Lucretia Herschel.” https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/astronomy-biographies/caroline-lucretia-herschel. October 5 September 2019.
- ⬆ st500 Tony Flanders, Tony. “In Caroline Herschel’s Footsteps.” https://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/in-caroline-herschels-footsteps/. October 5 September 2019.